摘要
神经系统疾病的精准诊断和个性化治疗对改善患者预后至关重要。太赫兹(THz)超材料因其独特的光谱特性,成为研究脑组织不同功能区的重要工具。采用THz超材料对大脑组织切片进行检测,重点分析杏仁核、运动皮层、听皮层、海马体、下丘脑和丘脑等关键功能区。通过测量各区域的谐振频率和振幅变化,验证THz超材料在识别不同脑区的能力。各脑功能区的谐振频率和振幅均发生显著变化,其中海马体谐振峰的共振幅度变化最大,从7.62%上升至20.35%;运动皮层、听皮层和杏仁核的共振频率偏移显著,偏移量达到(369±4.4) GHz,下丘脑区域偏移23.77 GHz。这些差异与各脑区的生物物理特性密切相关。研究表明,THz超材料能够有效区分脑功能区的频谱特性。
大脑是人体中最复杂的器官之一,负责调控运动、感知、情感、认知等多种生理功
临床上包括功能性磁共振成像(Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging,FMRI)、脑电图(Electroencephalography,
EEG)、脑磁图(Magnetoencephalography,MEG)及神经电生理技术中的颅内脑电图(Intracranial Electroencephalography,IEEG)和脑深部电刺激(Deep Brain Stimulation,DBS)在内的多种技术被用于术中功能区的识
太赫兹(Terahertz,THz)波是位于0.1~10 THz频率范围内的电磁波,处于微波和红外之间,具有光子能量低及水敏感等独特物理特性,在生物医学诊断、分子识别和脑科学研究等领域得到了广泛应
基于此,本研究基于太赫兹超材料对脑组织不同区域进行检测,探索其在功能区识别中的潜力。通过结合太赫兹超材料的高灵敏优势,评估其对感觉加工区、运动控制区、语言处理区以及情绪认知调控区等功能区域的光谱特性和识别能力,揭示各功能区在光学参数上的差异。旨在为未来神经外科手术提供高精确度、实时、无创的辅助技术,并为神经科学领域的基础研究和临床应用开辟新路径。
选取健康成年雄性C57BL/6小鼠作为实验模型,体重在18~20 g。实验动物购自陆军军医大学动物实验中心,并在实验前进行为期一周的适应性饲养,以减少实验过程中的应激反应。饲养环境严格按照标准条件控制:温度维持在(22±2) ℃,相对湿度控制在(55±10)%,实行12 h的昼夜节律循环,确保饲料和水源的充足供应。为保障动物福利并降低实验过程中的疼痛,所有小鼠在实验操作前均需通过麻醉处理。在整个实验过程中,严格遵守实验动物伦理规范,确保所有操作符合伦理审查委员会的批准和指导原则。
实验小鼠经麻醉后进行开颅手术以获取完整大脑组织,随即置入切片模具,从前囟后3 mm处冠状面切割。同时,为保证实验结果的稳定性和可靠性,应尽量保持切片厚度的稳定。因此实验中选用冰冻切片机(Leica,CM1860UV)对新鲜脑组织沿冠状面进行切片,该切片机的切片精确度可达1 μm。课题组前期已验证切片厚度选择60 μm最
采用日本Advantest公司生产的TAS7500SP型太赫兹时域光谱仪(

图1 实验设备及样品处理流程图
Fig.1 Experimental equipment and flowchart of sample processing
采用太赫兹时域光谱(Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy,THz-TDS)系统对超材料光谱特性进行测量和分析。以石英基底作为背景,测量未包含超材料结构的透射信号,记录为背景信号,空白超材料信号仅包含超材料结构且未加样品的中心区域透射信号,记录为空白超材料信号。将实验组织切片平整地贴至超材料中心检测区域(方形检测区),确保与超材料充分接触以保证测量精确度;在样品固定后,测量其透射信号,记录为样品信号。使用快速傅里叶变换(Fast Fourier Transform,FFT)将背景信号、空白超材料信号和样品信号从时域转换到频域后,分别计算透射率。
空白超材料透射率:
(1) |
样品透射率:
(2) |
透射谱谐振峰谷值的共振频率偏移量的计算公式为:
(3) |
式中和分别为样品与空白超材料的谐振峰谷值频率。该偏移量用于分析样品对超材料谐振特性的影响。
为减少仪器波动对实验结果的影响,每个样品重复测量3次,计算其平均值作为最终结果:
(4) |
式中:为测量次数;为每次测量的频率偏移值。
透射谱谐振峰谷值的共振振幅上移量的计算公式为:
(5) |
式中:为样品共振振幅谷值;为空白超材料的谐振峰谷值。
采用前期课题组已发表的太赫兹超材料作为基底,对脑组织切片进行检

图2 THz超材料结构参数
Fig.2 Structure parameters of THz metamaterial
THz超材料基底采用500 μm厚的石英玻璃(介电常数ε=3.85),金属阵列通过投影步进光刻技术制造,随后通过磁控溅射沉积了10 nm的钛层和150 nm的金层,其直流电导率为4.56×1
5 mm,超材料单元格以周期性为42 μm×26 μm(Px=42 μm,Py=26 μm,Pz=500 μm)沿x和y方向排列。其中,谐振器臂的线宽w=3 μm,分裂间隙尺寸d=2 μm,环形半径r=10 μm,以及分裂间隙中心距离c=2 μm。通过实验验证,该超材料在2.16 THz处具有显著谐振峰,覆盖有效工作频率范围为1.5~2.6 THz,这种几何参数优化后的设计能够在目标频段内表现出高质量因子的谐振峰,便于脑组织切片的光谱特性分析。
下丘脑、丘脑、海马体、皮层等,如

图3 脑功能区及THz超材料透射谱
Fig.3 Brain functional area and THz metamaterial transmission spectrum

图4 不同脑功能区THz共振频率和传输幅度
Fig.4 THz resonance frequency and transmission amplitude of different brain functional areas
zones | resonance amplitude/% | resonance frequency/THz | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
average value±standard error | F | p | average value±standard error | F | p | |||
hypothalamus | 11.43±0.07 | 643.515 | <0.001 | 2.14±0.00 | 7 073.669 | <0.001 | ||
thalamus | 16.36±0.13 | 2.06±0.00 | ||||||
hippocampus | 20.19±0.57 | 2.04±0.00 | ||||||
motor cortex | 15.94±0.04 | 1.79±0.00 | ||||||
auditory cortex | 18.94±0.33 | 1.79±0.01 | ||||||
amygdala | 18.69±0.31 | 1.80±0.00 |
进一步分析不同脑组织切片功能区谐振峰的共振频率和共振幅度变化。首先,从不同脑功能区谐振峰共振频率角度看,贴合有脑组织功能区组织切片均向左发生偏移,其中谐振峰共振频率最大偏移量达到374.72 GHz。大脑皮层(运动皮层和听皮层)和杏仁核区域谐振峰谷值偏移量达到(369±4.4) GHz,而下丘脑区域则偏移23.77 GHz,如

图5 不同脑功能区THz谐振峰频率和幅度变化
Fig.5 Frequency and amplitude changes of THz resonance peaks in different brain functional areas
本研究利用太赫兹(THz)超材料对大脑组织切片不同功能区进行检测,验证THz超材料识别不同脑区的能力。结果表明,各脑功能区的谐振频率和振幅均发生显著变化。其中海马体谐振峰的共振幅度变化最大,从7.62%上升至20.35%;运动皮层、听皮层和杏仁核的共振频率偏移显著,偏移量达到(369±4.4) GHz,而下丘脑区域则偏移23.77 GHz。这些差异与各功能区的生物物理特性密切相关,反映了不同脑区在微观结构和成分上的变化。具体而言,大脑皮层和杏仁核的谐振峰共振频率红移最为显著,表明其相对折射率较高,可能与细胞成分或排列的变化有关;海马体则表现出最大的谐振幅度变化,显示其损耗系数较高,提示该区域在THz频段具有较强的光吸收和散射特性,可能与其丰富的神经细胞和较高的水合作用有关。综上所述,THz超材料为研究脑组织的功能区提供了一种新的视角,可为神经系统疾病的精准诊断和个性化治疗提供重要依据。
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